Electronics

Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, energy in which the electrons have a fundamental role.electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication, and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible.

Wireless Communications

wireless communication include flexibility, cost effectiveness, constant connectivity, convenience and enhanced efficiency. These benefits make wireless communication quite attractive to businesses, government organizations and people in general.

VLSI technology

VLSI Design contains computer-aided design, design analysis, design implementation, simulation and testing.Hence there is tremendous scope and growth for those who choose VLSI design and embedded systems as a career.

Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing is one of the most powerful technologies that will shape science and engineering in the twenty-first century.DSP is the science of using computers to understand these types of data. This includes a wide variety of goals: filtering, speech recognition, image enhancement, data compression, neural networks, and much more.

Embedded Systems

Embedded systems is growing continuously. Exponentially increasing computing power, ubiquitous connectivity and convergence of technology have resulted in hardware/software systems being embedded within everyday products and places. Already today 90% of computing devices are in Embedded Systems and not in PCs. The growth rate in embedded systems is more than 10% per annum and it is forecasted there will be over 40 billion devices worldwide by 2020.

Signals & Systems Written Notes



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The above Notes Covers the below Topics:

UNIT-I: Signal Analysis and Fourier Series

Signal Analysis: Analogy between Vectors and Signals, Orthogonal Signal Space, Signal approximation using Orthogonal functions, Mean Square Error, Closed or complete set of Orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in Complex functions, Exponential and Sinusoidal signals, Concepts of Impulse function, Unit Step function, Signum function.
Fourier Series: Representation of Fourier series, Continuous time periodic signals, Properties of Fourier Series, Dirichlet’s conditions, Trigonometric Fourier Series and Exponential Fourier Series, Complex Fourier spectrum.


UNIT-II: Fourier Transforms and Sampling
Fourier Transforms: Deriving Fourier Transform from Fourier Series, Fourier Transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier Transform of standard signals, Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals, Properties of Fourier Transform, Fourier Transforms involving Impulse function and Signum function, Introduction to Hilbert Transform.

Sampling: Sampling theorem – Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals, Types of Sampling - Impulse Sampling, Natural and Flat-top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples, Effect of under sampling – Aliasing, Introduction to Band Pass sampling.


UNIT-III:

Signal Transmission Through Linear Systems: Linear System, Impulse response, Response of a Linear System, Linear Time variant(LTI)System, Linear Time Variant(LTV) System, Transfer function of a LTI system, Filter characteristics of Linear Systems, Distortion less transmission through a system, Signal bandwidth, System bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality and Paley-Wiener criterion for physical realization, Relationship between Bandwidth a d Rise time.


UNIT-IV:

Convolution and Correlation of Signals: Concept of convolution in Time domain and Frequency domain, Graphical representation of Convolution, Convolution property of Fourier Transforms, Cross Correlation and Auto Correlation of functions, Properties of Correlation function, Energy density spectrum, Parseval’s Theorem, Power density spectrum, Relation between Auto Correlation function and Energy/Power spectral density function, Relation between Convolution and Correlation, Detection of periodic signals in the presence of Noise by Correlation, Extraction of signal from noise by filtering.


UNIT-V: Laplace Transforms and Z-Transforms
Laplace Transforms: Review of Laplace Transforms (L.T), Partial fraction expansion, Inverse Laplace Transform, Concept of Region of Convergence (ROC) for Laplace Transforms, Constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, Properties of L.T, Relation between L.T and F.T of a signal, Laplace Transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis.

Z–Transforms: Fundamental difference between Continuous and Discrete time signals, Discrete time signal representation using Complex exponential and Sinusoidal components, Periodicity of Discrete time signal using complex exponential signal, Concept of Z- Transform of a Discrete Sequence, Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z Transforms, Region of Convergence in Z-Transform, Constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, Inverse Z-transform, Properties of Z-transforms.

Suggested Books:
  1. Signals and Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Wilsky
  2. Signals and Systems by A Anand Kumar
  3. Signals, Systems and Communication by B.P. Lathi
  4. Signalsand Systems using MATLAB by Luis F. Chaparro
      

Micro Wave Engineering Lab Viva Questions with answers free download

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Micro wave lab viva questions
ALL Answers will be available soon.....

1.What is the Band of Microwave?
2. Why the Micro wave called as microwaves?
3. Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum?
4. What are the advantages of Microwaves?
5. what are the applications of Microwaves?
6. what is the Band of Infrared Rays?
7. What is the band of Light?
8. What is the Band of X Rays?
9. What is the band of gamma Rays?
10. What is the Band of cosmic Rays?
11. Which frequency is used in Microwave Oven?
12. What is the speed of Electromagnetic waves in free space?
13. How EM wave Propagates?
14. What is Ampere's law?
15. what is Faraday's law?
16. What is Gauss law?
17. What is mean by TEM wave?
18. What is mean by TE wave?
19. What is mean by TM wave?
20. What is mean by HE wave?
21. What is the role of Transmission line?
22. How many types of transmission lines are there?
23. What is the bandwidth of two wire transmission line?
24. Define Reflection coefficient?
25. Define VSWR?
26. What are the various losses occurred in transmission lines?
27. What is Stub and what are the various types?
28. What is single stub matching?
29. What is Double stub matching?
30. What is Wave guide?
31. Microwave travels in which form?
32. What are the various transmission lines for microwaves?
33. Multi conductor lines supports which mode of waves?
34. Single conductor lines supports which mode of waves?
35. Open Boundary structure supports which waves?
36. Which transmission line are unbalanced transmission lines?
37. What is mean by Dominant mode?
38. What is the dominant mode in Co axial line? 
39. What are the lower order and higher order modes in co axial cables?
40. At which frequencies strip lines are widely used?
41. What is the dominant mode for strip line? 
42. What are the losses in micro strip lines and how those can be compensated?
43. Which mode does not exist in micro strip lines?
44. Which transmission line has higher Quality factor?
45. What are the various types of micro strip lines?
46. Parallel strip lines supports which mode?
47. Why micro strip antenna are more popular?
48. What are the general modes in wave guides?
49. Define Phase velocity and Group velocity?
50. What is the dominant mode in Circular wave guide?
51. What are the main advantages of microwave integrated circuits?
52. What is planar transmission line?

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MATLAB Programs on Control Systems


Control System subject mainly deals with Open loop and closed loop system with the following Topics:

       Importance of Feedback, Calculation of Transfer function, System Stability verification in Various domains , Systems responses for various inputs, We can estimate the system response and stability  by using various techniques like RH Creterian, Root Locus, Bode Plots, Nyquist Plots, Polar plots, State space analysis.


In this Post we are providing some MATLAB Programs related to the above all topics.



some more programs will be available soon..

MATLAB programs on Signals and Systems


Signals and System subject mainly deals with Continuous time, Discrete time signals and Systems with the following Topics:

       Operations on signals, elementary signals, classifications of signals, classifications of Systems, Sampling, Fourier series, Fourier Transform, Laplace Transforms,Convolution, correlation, Z-transforms, Discrete Fourier Series, Discrete Fourier transform and Discrete time Fourier Transform.


In this Post we are providing MATLAB Programs on the above all topics.


The remaining programs will be available soon...







8). Calculation of Inverse Laplace transform

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What to do After BE / BTech ?

Electronics and Communication Engineering(ECE) is one of the largest and fastest growing fields of engineering. ECE has a vital position in this technology revolution. Electronics has a major role in improving productivity in industries.It also gives great opportunities for research and development, as everyday consumer need new devices to support them in daily life.

Candidates having a creative and inventive mind and also are good at physics and mathematics will probably find electronics engineering a challenging and lucrative career. Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electronics engineers. 

So many ECE graduates will be confused to choose their career path after the successful completion of B.Tech. But there are plenty paths: 

ece career paths, eceschool1. Core Job (Govt & Private)
2. Software Job
3. ME /MTech
4. Master's Degree (MS)
5. MBA
6. Bank Job


1. Core Jobs:

Various 
core fields, where an ECE engineer get a job are:

1. Radio and Television industry
2. Telecommunication
3. Power sector
4. Steel plants
5. Petroleum and chemical industries
6. Defense.
7. Industrial automation.
8. VLSI Design.
9. Embedded Systems.
10. Signal processing.
11. Microwave Communications.

Suggested various Courses:
1. MATLAB.
2. LABVIEW.
3. VLSI.
4. Verilog HDL.
5. Embedded systems.
6. PCB & Circuit Design.
7. Robotics .
8. Electronic Packaging and Industrial Design.
9. Inter Net of Things [IOT].


But now most of the Govt companies are filling the vacancies based on GATE exam only, they are not conducting the written tests. So concentrate on Gate exam, that will be more helpful.

Government companies:
1. ECIL (Electronics Corporation of India Limited)
2. DERL (Defense Electronics and Research Laboratories
3. BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited)
4. BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)
5. ISRO (India Space Research Organization)
6. NRSA (National Remote Sensing Agency)
7. DRDL(Defense Research & Development Laboratory)
8. DLRL (Defense Electronics Research Laboratory)
9. BEL (Bharat Electronics ltd)
10. AAI (Air Port Authority of India)(etc.)

Private companies:
1. Redpine signals
2. Abha Enviro Care Pvt Ltd 
3. AM Electricals
4. Asthra Projects 
5. CSK Electronics and automation Pvt Ltd 
6. DMRC
7. FTD Infocom Pvt Ltd
8. Global India Management Services
9. KM Solutions 
10. Neugen Embedded Solutions Pvt Ltd 
11. Prime Vision Automation Solutions
12. Smart india info tech
13. SPMCIL
14. Stesalit Systems Limited
15. Tessolve Semiconductor Pvt Ltd
16. Texas Instruments
17. AMD
18. CISCO etc....

2. Software Jobs:

Software companies more interested to employ students with Electronics & Communication background. Because you have an ability to deal software and as well as Hardware.

Various Software courses:

      ORACLE, SQL, JAVA, DOT NET, ANDROID, SAP, SEM, SEO,PHP, TESTING TOOLS, COGNOS, INFORMATICA, DATA STAGE, etc.....


       Various training and placement institutes:

·         DECCAN SOFT SOFTWARE SERVICES
·         PEERS TECHNOLOGIES
·         ACUTE SOFT SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD
·         ARETE SERVICES

·         O2 EDUCATION
      
      3. ME / M Tech:

To get M Tech admission, candidate should qualify in GATE examination or PGCET which is conducted by various universities based on the various states.

Our suggestion is getting admission through gate is more precious, and try to do mtech in IITs and NITS and universities only.

MTECH Courses:
1. VLSI Design.
2. Electronic Design & Technology.
3. Embedded System.
4. Communication Engineering.
5. Signal processing, Image Processing.
6. Microwave and RADAR Engineering.
7. Digital Electronics.
8. Instrumentation and control.
9. Satellite technology.
10. Aerospace engineering.     etc.

Click Here to Know more about GATE